Then, came World War II and the territorial carve-up at the Yalta Conference. The Second World War was fought between September 1939 and August 1945. Japan and the Soviet Union were not at war throughout almost the entire period of the war because a neutrality pact was concluded between the two countries in April 1941. It was valid for five years. However, on August 1945, three days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and the day an another one was dropped on Nagasaki, the Soviet Union, violating this neutrality pact, entered into war against Japan that was already on the brink of defeat. A week later, on August 14, Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation and surrendered to the Allied Powers
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After Japan's defeat, all of its territories were occupied by the Allied forces. The Allied Powers agreed that Japan proper would be under American occupation; Taiwan would fall under Chinese occupation; and that Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands would be occupied by the Soviet forces. Soviet forces occupied Shimushu Island in the Kuriles on August 18, and on August 27, moved as far south as Urup Island, which is the southernmost point of the Kurile Islands, and then retreated. However, after assuring themselves that American forces were absent, by September 3, Soviet troops dared to occupy Etorofu, Kunashir, Shikotan, and Habomai islands. The occupation of the Northern Territories was wartime occupation carried out without bloodshed after the cease fire. Consequently, it was an issue that should have been finally resolved as a result of a peace treaty. It is reported that Joseph Stalin told President Franklin Roosevelt; " I only want to have returned to Russia what Japanese have taken from my country." Japan says that it is not bound by a secret agreement that did not legally transfer the southern Kuriles.

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