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Ethnogenesis

The modern Bulgarians are descendants of the Bulgars, a seminomadic people who during the 2nd century migrated from Central Asia into the North Caucasian steppe and in the late 7th century permanently settled in the Balkans[1], and of a number of southern Slavic tribes who had moved into the area a century earlier. The two groups together formed the First Bulgarian Empire in 681. The Bulgars were later assimilated by the numerous Slavs, who adopted their ethnonym.

The indigenous Thracian and Daco-Getic population, who had lived on the territory of modern Bulgaria before the Slavic invasion, also participated in the formation of the Bulgarian ethnos. [2]

Their ancient languages had already become extinct before the arrival of the Slavs, and their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barabaric invasions on the Balkans during the early Middle Ages accompanied by persistent hellenization, romanisation and later slavicisation.

DNA analysis methods confirm that Bulgarians are genetically more closely related to the ethnic Macedonians, Greeks, and Romanians than to other European populations and Middle Eastern people living near the Mediterranean[3][4]. The anthropologists claim that the Bulgarian population is characterized by features of southern European anthropological type with some influence of additional ethnic groups.[5] The peoples who also contributed to the Bulgarian ethnos include a small number of Kumans, Pechenegs, Vlachs and Avars. All of them, except for an ever reducing number of Vlachs fully assimilated with the Bulgarians and disappeared as separate ethnoses. The Kumans are considered to have been the nucleus around which the ethnos of modern Gagauz people formed. The other minorities in Bulgaria include Turks, Armenians, Roma and Greeks. Even though they have preserved their cultural heritages to a certain exent they are being gradually assimilated through intermarriage, especially in the Greek and Armenian communities.

Bulgarians are linguistically closely related to modern Macedonians, with their languages being mutually intelligible. A significant number of the ancestors of the present-day ethnic Macedonians did, in fact, widely identify as Bulgarians until the early 20th century. A high profile example included Lazar Koliševski who succeeded Tito as President of Yugoslavia. Originally born Kolishev, he later adopted an ethnic Macedonian identity. Citizens of the Republic of Macedonia who identify as Bulgarian have nevertheless survived, and collectively they composed about 0.5% of the population at the last census.

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