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Early Christianity, so far as we can tell, used leavened bread in the Lord's
Supper - Justin Martyr refers to it as "common bread" (koinos artos; First
Apology, LXVI) - though there were some sects that argued for unleavened
bread. Interestingly, one technical term for the consecrated bread of the
Eucharist in early Christianity was "fermentum", the Latin word for "yeast."
[The Study of Liturgy, 233; The Shape of the Liturgy, 25 and passim] In early
Christianity, the bread and wine used in the sacrament was brought by the
people out of their own pantries. It was, thus, ordinary bread and ordinary
wine. The Western church went to unleavened wafers in the Middle Ages. The
Eastern church continued to use leavened bread. Predictably, the difference in
practice became controversial. The one side was called "fermentarians" the
other "azymites" (from the Greek word used in the NT for "unleavened").
[Turretin, Institutes, vol. 3, 430] Many of you have at one time or another
received the little paper thin wafers used by Roman Catholic, some Anglican,
and some other Protestant churches for the communion bread. The old joke is
that it takes more faith to make Roman Catholic school children believe that
communion wafers are bread than it does to make them believe that the bread
becomes Christ's body. [J.F. White, Introduction to Christian Worship, 252]

The bread in Calvin's Geneva was leavened, ordinary bread, as was the bread of
Presbyterian Scotland's Lord's Supper, though unleavened bread, the custom of
the medieval church, was continued in some places, often with what we know
today as Scottish "shortbread." [McMillan, The Worship of the Scottish
Reformed Church, 199ff.]

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