да, а ти?
Братята римляни не са стигнали до там.... А и гръко-бактрийците изфирясали преди възхода на Рим...
А ти за ефталити чувал ли си?
Аре лека!

Ad majorem pharmacie gloriam!

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Не доста, 1 път общо взето, но тогава е бил некадърен пълководеца - Марк Крас, който е бил в 1вия триумвират, но талантът му е било да прави пари, а не да води войски и то си е показало...

Но партите за пръв път показват превъзходството на леката конница над тежката римска пехота.

EveryOne is the One

In 53 B.C. Crassus and over 40,000 Roman troops were annihilated by the Parthian forces of Orodes II and the peoples from the Mediterranean to the Indus understood the strength of Parthia. But by 40 B.C. even Rome had to acknowledge a Parthia whose forces, under the joint command of Pacorus I and Q. Labienus, a Roman, had struck directly into the heart of the Roman East and captured the provinces of Asia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Syria; even as far south as Petra, Parthia's word was law. For two years this vast area, so vital to Roman interests, was under Parthian occupation. Possession of the Carian and perhaps the Ionian coast by foreigners struck close to home as many Romans were native to that part of the world or did business there. The occupiers were no sooner pushed out by Ventidius than another Roman army under Anthony was defeated and barely escaped annihilation at Parthian hands. [Debevoise, 208]

The tug of war with Rome on the western border of Parthia continued almost without cease while Parthia had to constantly see to other threats from the north and east. The western border between Rome's dominions and Parthia gradually stabilized on the banks of the Euphrates, but war was always a threat and though major campaigns by the Romans were seen in A.D. 116, 161, 195, 217 and 232, Parthia was never conquered.

и понеже си наясно с латинскя ето малко автори :
Principally Ammianus Marcellinus, Eutropius, Horace, Justin (Epitome of Pompeius Trogus), Orosius, Pliny the Elder, Quintus Dellius, Tacitus, Velleius Paterculus.

само с момзен не става.

Parthi, penes quos uelut diuisione orbis cum Romanis facta nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum exules fuere. 2 Hoc etiam ipsorum uocabulo manifestatur, nam Scythico sermone exules "parthi" dicuntur. 3 Hi et Assyriorum et Medorum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi fuere. 4 Postea quoque, cum imperium Orientis a Medis ad Persas translatum est, ueluti uulgus sine nomine praeda uictorum fuere. 5 Postremo Macedonibus triumphato Oriente seruierunt, 6 ut cuiuis mirum uideatur ad tantam eos felicitatem per uirtutem prouectos, ut imperent gentibus, sub quarum imperio ueluti seruile uulgus fuere. 7 A Romanis quoque trinis bellis per maximos duces fiorentissimis temporibus lacessiti soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum, uerum etiam uictores fuere ; 8 quamquam plus gloriae sit inter Assyria et Medica Persicaque memorata olim regna et opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium emergere potuisse quam longinqua bella uicisse, 9 praeterea cum grauibus Scythicis et uicinalibus bellis adsidue uexati uariis periculorum certaminibus urgerentur. 10 Hi domesticis seditionibus Scythia pulsi solitudines inter Hyrcaniam et Dahas et Areos et Sparnos et Margianos furtim occupauere. 11 Fines deinde non intercedentibus primo finitimis, postea etiam prohibentibus in tantum protulere ut non inmensa tantum ac profunda camporum, uerum etiam praerupta collium montiumque ardua occupauerint. 12 Ex quo fit ut Parthiae pleraque finium aut aestus aut frigoris magnitudo possideat, quippe cum montes nix campos aestus infestet.

Това е ясно... Хубаво е, че си се постарал да постнеш тези материали, за да е интересно на клубарите...
Рим никога не си е поставял за цел да завладее партия - той е бил средиземноморска държава, а не континентална такава.... Идеята му е била да установи контрол над Месопотамия и Армения, което и постигнал.
Освен това стилът водене на битки бил различен. Римляните разчитали предимно на пехотата. Но да гониш конен стрелец по пясъка си е изтощително занимание...
По късно римляните създават собствени отряди от катафракти и усъвършенстват конницата си /това вече по времето на Византия/.

Ad majorem pharmacie gloriam!

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Ми айде да затваряме и да си ходим ли, какво?... Щото се сещам за поне два народа, дето хич не им дреме за тези 1300 години и си се развиват... Твърде сложни са подобни процеси, за да ги слагаме в подобни граници.

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вообще намирам за не съвсем правилно,цивилизационните процеси да се приравняват до жизнения цикъл на една тиква.какво значи стареене според вас?това е физическо явление.ако дадента цивилизация остарява,то как разбирате процеса.

примерът с византия:
"византия" от самото си начало е поставена под натиск от съседните й народи(готи,българи,перси,араби),системно и постоянно обезкървявана в безброй войни и така до турското нашествие,когато "империята не е нищо повече от една културна реликва.

да загубиш 40 000 граждани,не е рутинен процес,както би бил в age of empires.формиране на общество не става само с материални екстри :)банни,театри и публични домове.аристотел добре е описал формирането на обществото в "политика".

"да загубиш 40 000 граждани,не е рутинен процес,както би бил в age of empires.формиране на общество не става само с материални екстри" - Много правилно! Кой беше тоя римски генерал дето губи 3 легиона в Германия и при спомена за който Октавиан крещял като луд да му върне легионите и си скубел косата?

Вар

The Roman force was led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, a noble from an old family, who had become the governor of Germania in AD 7. The battle is thus also known as the Varusschlacht in German (Battle of Varus). His force was made up of three legions (Legio XVII, Legio XVIII, and Legio XIX), six cohorts and three squadrons of allied cavalry.

His opponent Arminius had lived in Rome as a hostage in his youth, where he had received a military education and had even been given the rank of Equestrian. After his return, he was expected to be an ally of Rome, and behaved accordingly towards Varus. In secret, he forged an alliance of Germanic tribes that had traditionally been enemies (the Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, and Bructeri), but which he was able to unite due to outrage over Varus' arrogant style of governing the province.

While Varus was on his way from his summer camp to the winter headquarters near the Rhine, he heard reports of a local rebellion, fabricated by Arminius. Varus decided to quell this uprising immediately and take a detour through territory unknown to the Romans. Arminius, who accompanied Varus, most likely directed him deliberately to a route that would faciliate an ambush and then left under some pretext or other, to meet his troops who must have been waiting in the vicinity.

The Roman force appears to have been poorly organised during the march, and as they passed into a forest they found the track narrow and marshy; according to Dio Cassius a violent storm had also arisen. In passing through the forest the Roman forces had lost their structure, and they were ambushed by the Germans repeatedly over two or three days. Arminius knew Roman tactics very well and could direct his troops to counter them effectively, using local superior numbers against the spread-out Roman legions. Finally the remaining Romans stood their ground, and as the rains continued in the ensuing assault they were slaughtered to the last man. Around 20,000 Roman soldiers died; Varus is said to have taken his own life. Upon hearing of the defeat, the emperor Augustus, according to Roman author and historian Suetonius, shouted "Quintili Vare, legiones redde!" ('Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!')

The shock of the slaughter was magnified by the realisation that the German tribes would not be pacified. The Battle brought an end to any serious attempts by the Romans to extend their territories eastward from the Rhine across Germany. These attempts had dragged on since around 20 BC with variable success. This had long term historical consequences as it set the boundary between Romance languages and Germanic languages and hence the borders between the future France and Germany near the Rhine.