Metafori?
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Re: Metafori?
ето ти няколко
1) от амазон.цом
a) Metaphors we think by., December 6, 1998
Reviewer: Anthony Argyriou ([email protected]) from Oakland, California, USA
Metaphor is usually seen as an aspect of words, a linguistic trick we use to increase the effect of our words. Lakoff sets out to show that metaphors are a fundamental part of our thought processes whenever we try to think abstractly. His book does not provide a rigorous scientific proof, but it does present a lot of evidence in favor of the thesis. However, a full treatment of the issue would take a much thicker and less readable book than this one.
Lakoff gives examples from life for various metaphors, for example, TIME IS MONEY (or TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY), and shows how we use these metaphors in our everyday thoughts and actions ("Spending time", "wasting time", "saving time", etc). He shows how many different ideas can be expressed with simlar metaphors, ie HAPPINESS IS UP / SADNESS IS DOWN, HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN, and so on.
Lakoff sets forth his case clearly and coherently, and with some of his examples, quite entertainingly. If you want some insight into how we think, buy this book.
b) A Revolutionary Insight, April 16, 2002
Reviewer: Charles Gillingham from San Francisco, Ca United States
If we talk about relationships we might say: "She was in the driver's seat" but we "reached a fork in the road" and now we're "on the rocks" and we may "go our separate ways." Lakoff and Johnson point out that each of these expression uses some version of a metaphor that "Love is a Journey" -- where the journey may be by boat, by car, or walking. Metaphors like these are not special poetic creations, but are part of the day to day way we talk and think about relationships. In the same way, prices "go up", people "get close", the future is "down the road" and cognitive scientists "defend" their "positions." Metaphors like these are not simply a playful use of words. They are part of the way that we think.
This is some of Lakoff and Johnson's fascinating description of the pervasive role of metaphor in human cognition. To this reader, it has all the hallmarks of a great scientific discovery: it is original, profound, simple, and obviously true. For this reason alone, the book deserves five stars.
However, the book fails to give it's marvelous subject the treatment it deserves. The writing, while clear and full of common sense, is often uneven. The organization is lopsided -- much of the book is devoted to attacking straw men and and hand waving attempts to expand their discovery into some kind of murky philosphical revolution. This is confusing, easy to criticize, and a waste of time. Worst of all, they blunt the greatest weapon of any truly great idea: its simplicity.
If Lakoff and Johnson really want to start a revolution they should take a lesson from the master: Darwin. His Origin of Species presented only the things he could prove: his evidence and his discovery. Lakoff and Johnson would have included a critique of the Bible.
c) Readable and thought-provoking, February 26, 2002
Reviewer: plozar (see more about me) from Santa Fe, NM USA
As a writer with a strong interest in how language shapes our view of the world, I found this book exciting and stimulating. In a series of short and (generally) readable chapters, the authors delineate how metaphor informs the language we use to describe reality, and occasionally distorts our perception of it -- their remarks on what we DON'T notice are especially interesting. I'd already noticed how the "time as money" metaphor pervades our language (spending time, wasting time, the value of time, etc.), so I was pleased that my rather bemused insight had been a glimpse of a larger principle! I was less interested in the "what's wrong with the other guys' views" chapters, although the discussion of objectivism and subjectivism helped to clarify some of the issues for me. And I think that critics who dismiss Lakoff and Johnson's work as just another shot in an ongoing, ultimately irrelevant battle between philosophy professors are missing the point: they're picking up on an important aspect of the way language is used (and misused), and I think that learning to listen with an ear to metaphor (especially to political rhetoric) is an important survival skill for any aware human being.
2) от някакво .edu ..
Genre Treatise (242 pp.)
Keywords Communication, Literary Theory, Society,
Summary In this book written for the layman, linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson cogently argue that metaphor is integral, not peripheral to language and understanding. Furthermore, "metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." (p. 3)
The authors adopt a broad definition of metaphor, examine common phrases for metaphorical interpretation, and offer a classification system of metaphor. For example, orientational metaphors are found in our ordinary language and are part of the spatial organization of our lives. When one says, "He dropped dead" or "He's at the peak of health," one is using the orientational metaphor that we live by: "Health and life are up; sickness and death are down." This orientation is not arbitrary; the authors point out that one lies down when one is ill.
Other types of metaphors categorized by the authors are structural and ontological (e.g., making a non-entity into an entity: "We need to combat inflation," or setting a boundary on a non-entity: "He's coming out of the coma"). The authors also differentiate metaphor from other figures of speech, such as metonymy, which relies more completely on substitution: "The ham sandwich wants his check."
The second half of the book address issues more philosophical in nature, such as theories of truth and how we understand the world, including the "myths" of "objectivism," "subjectivism," and "experientialism." These theories are reviewed with metaphor in mind. For example, objectivism relies on the separation of man from the environment and the subsequent mastery over the environment. Hence objectivism is rife with metaphors which confirm such ideas as "knowledge is power."
The authors conclude by stating that metaphors provide "the only ways to perceive and experience much of the world. Metaphor is as much a part of our functioning as our sense of touch, and as precious."
Commentary The authors, through numerous examples, demonstrate how pervasive metaphors are in our everyday speech. This is an eye-opening way to think about medical discourse. The book is an interesting counterbalance to Susan Sontag's essays on metaphor (e.g., Illness as Metaphor, see this database). Because of the ubiquity of metaphor in our language, it would be impossible to eliminate metaphor from perceptions of illness. However, recognition of metaphorical systems can help us avoid dehumanization and preconceived categorizations, which are what Sontag deplores.
This thought-provoking book helps us view our world, be it medical or not, from a fresh perspective. It is free of much jargon and very readable. After I read it, metaphors seemed to pop out of everything I said, heard, or read.
Publisher Univ. of Chicago Press (Chicago)
Edition 1980
Miscellaneous George Lakoff is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. Mark Johnson is currently chairperson of the Department of Philosophy at University of Oregon.
Annotated by Shafer, Audrey
Date of Entry 2/4/97
Last Modified 7/3/98
това май стига..
the power is in GOOGLE's hands!!
1) от амазон.цом
a) Metaphors we think by., December 6, 1998
Reviewer: Anthony Argyriou ([email protected]) from Oakland, California, USA
Metaphor is usually seen as an aspect of words, a linguistic trick we use to increase the effect of our words. Lakoff sets out to show that metaphors are a fundamental part of our thought processes whenever we try to think abstractly. His book does not provide a rigorous scientific proof, but it does present a lot of evidence in favor of the thesis. However, a full treatment of the issue would take a much thicker and less readable book than this one.
Lakoff gives examples from life for various metaphors, for example, TIME IS MONEY (or TIME IS A VALUABLE COMMODITY), and shows how we use these metaphors in our everyday thoughts and actions ("Spending time", "wasting time", "saving time", etc). He shows how many different ideas can be expressed with simlar metaphors, ie HAPPINESS IS UP / SADNESS IS DOWN, HEALTH IS UP / SICKNESS IS DOWN, and so on.
Lakoff sets forth his case clearly and coherently, and with some of his examples, quite entertainingly. If you want some insight into how we think, buy this book.
b) A Revolutionary Insight, April 16, 2002
Reviewer: Charles Gillingham from San Francisco, Ca United States
If we talk about relationships we might say: "She was in the driver's seat" but we "reached a fork in the road" and now we're "on the rocks" and we may "go our separate ways." Lakoff and Johnson point out that each of these expression uses some version of a metaphor that "Love is a Journey" -- where the journey may be by boat, by car, or walking. Metaphors like these are not special poetic creations, but are part of the day to day way we talk and think about relationships. In the same way, prices "go up", people "get close", the future is "down the road" and cognitive scientists "defend" their "positions." Metaphors like these are not simply a playful use of words. They are part of the way that we think.
This is some of Lakoff and Johnson's fascinating description of the pervasive role of metaphor in human cognition. To this reader, it has all the hallmarks of a great scientific discovery: it is original, profound, simple, and obviously true. For this reason alone, the book deserves five stars.
However, the book fails to give it's marvelous subject the treatment it deserves. The writing, while clear and full of common sense, is often uneven. The organization is lopsided -- much of the book is devoted to attacking straw men and and hand waving attempts to expand their discovery into some kind of murky philosphical revolution. This is confusing, easy to criticize, and a waste of time. Worst of all, they blunt the greatest weapon of any truly great idea: its simplicity.
If Lakoff and Johnson really want to start a revolution they should take a lesson from the master: Darwin. His Origin of Species presented only the things he could prove: his evidence and his discovery. Lakoff and Johnson would have included a critique of the Bible.
c) Readable and thought-provoking, February 26, 2002
Reviewer: plozar (see more about me) from Santa Fe, NM USA
As a writer with a strong interest in how language shapes our view of the world, I found this book exciting and stimulating. In a series of short and (generally) readable chapters, the authors delineate how metaphor informs the language we use to describe reality, and occasionally distorts our perception of it -- their remarks on what we DON'T notice are especially interesting. I'd already noticed how the "time as money" metaphor pervades our language (spending time, wasting time, the value of time, etc.), so I was pleased that my rather bemused insight had been a glimpse of a larger principle! I was less interested in the "what's wrong with the other guys' views" chapters, although the discussion of objectivism and subjectivism helped to clarify some of the issues for me. And I think that critics who dismiss Lakoff and Johnson's work as just another shot in an ongoing, ultimately irrelevant battle between philosophy professors are missing the point: they're picking up on an important aspect of the way language is used (and misused), and I think that learning to listen with an ear to metaphor (especially to political rhetoric) is an important survival skill for any aware human being.
2) от някакво .edu ..
Genre Treatise (242 pp.)
Keywords Communication, Literary Theory, Society,
Summary In this book written for the layman, linguist George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson cogently argue that metaphor is integral, not peripheral to language and understanding. Furthermore, "metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." (p. 3)
The authors adopt a broad definition of metaphor, examine common phrases for metaphorical interpretation, and offer a classification system of metaphor. For example, orientational metaphors are found in our ordinary language and are part of the spatial organization of our lives. When one says, "He dropped dead" or "He's at the peak of health," one is using the orientational metaphor that we live by: "Health and life are up; sickness and death are down." This orientation is not arbitrary; the authors point out that one lies down when one is ill.
Other types of metaphors categorized by the authors are structural and ontological (e.g., making a non-entity into an entity: "We need to combat inflation," or setting a boundary on a non-entity: "He's coming out of the coma"). The authors also differentiate metaphor from other figures of speech, such as metonymy, which relies more completely on substitution: "The ham sandwich wants his check."
The second half of the book address issues more philosophical in nature, such as theories of truth and how we understand the world, including the "myths" of "objectivism," "subjectivism," and "experientialism." These theories are reviewed with metaphor in mind. For example, objectivism relies on the separation of man from the environment and the subsequent mastery over the environment. Hence objectivism is rife with metaphors which confirm such ideas as "knowledge is power."
The authors conclude by stating that metaphors provide "the only ways to perceive and experience much of the world. Metaphor is as much a part of our functioning as our sense of touch, and as precious."
Commentary The authors, through numerous examples, demonstrate how pervasive metaphors are in our everyday speech. This is an eye-opening way to think about medical discourse. The book is an interesting counterbalance to Susan Sontag's essays on metaphor (e.g., Illness as Metaphor, see this database). Because of the ubiquity of metaphor in our language, it would be impossible to eliminate metaphor from perceptions of illness. However, recognition of metaphorical systems can help us avoid dehumanization and preconceived categorizations, which are what Sontag deplores.
This thought-provoking book helps us view our world, be it medical or not, from a fresh perspective. It is free of much jargon and very readable. After I read it, metaphors seemed to pop out of everything I said, heard, or read.
Publisher Univ. of Chicago Press (Chicago)
Edition 1980
Miscellaneous George Lakoff is Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. Mark Johnson is currently chairperson of the Department of Philosophy at University of Oregon.
Annotated by Shafer, Audrey
Date of Entry 2/4/97
Last Modified 7/3/98
това май стига..
the power is in GOOGLE's hands!!
