|
To read...
The Pindus Mountains stretch within a radius of about 790 kilometers from Southeast Albania to the Peloponnese, being considered the backbone of Elada. The highest peak is Smolikas, 2637 m high. The mountains formed by volcanic and metamorphic rocks are covered with beautiful coniferous and deciduous forests, but also by grassy pastures for flocks of sheep and cattle. The Pindus Mountains are the hearth of an ancient population of Romanized Thracian-Liro-Iceans, who went down in history in the 8th century as Wallachians. In this mountain chain a people of shepherds and farmers was molded whose ancestral genotype through the Thracian-Illyro-geto-Daco-Roman lineage stretched over a huge area of Central and Central Europe southeast, with Celtic connections to Silesia, the Forester Carpathians, the Eastern Alps, and the Dnieper.From the mountains of Pind and Haemus the Wallachians expanded to Thessaly and Epirus, forming themselves as a distinct nation, from the end of the sixth century, when they already spoke an original language, an ancient proto-Romanian, confirmed by the phrase ” torna, fratre ”. Theofilact of Simocatta, who lived between the 570s – 640 wrote in his „ Stories that during a night march of the Byzantine army led by Comentiolus, one of the soldiers noticed a bag of supplies falling on a mule. Wanting to warn his comrade, he shouted „ in native language ”: pour, pour! (ie turn the bag on the mule). The soldiers interpreted this exhortation as an alarm signal and began to repeat it with shouts from person to person. The Byzantines and the Avars are then panicked, each army fleeing in completely opposite directions.In his work „ Chronographia ”, Theophanes the Confident (752 – 817) recounts the same incident in a different way, that is, the soldier had seen the burden of the mule fall and say „ in the parental language ” – <TAG1> torna, torna, brother! (ie to return after the fallen bag). In the Pindus Mountains we can already speak, in the 7th century, of a territory inhabited by Wallachians, recognized by the Greeks as pastors, farmers, but also worthy fighters. A Byzantine chronicler Georgios Kedrenos from the 11th century mentions the rise of four brothers from the Shishman family, a nation of Bulgarian countries in Ohrida that rose up against Emperor Basil II of Constantinople. The Greek chronicler mentions the killing of a son David by ” traveling valahs ” (shepherds), between Castoria and Prespa at the place called ” Stejarii-Frumos ”.In the 10th century the Wallachians were a population that lived and multiplied in the Balkans, their original place. (George Murnu, History of Romanians in Pind. Valahia mare 890 – 1259, Ed. Minerva, Bucharest, 1913, p, 13). From this local and original people was born the scientist and the Aromanian writer Valeriu Papahagi, who came from an elite family of Arromanian intellectuals, of which Nicolae, Pericle, Tache were part, Emil, Emil George, Marian, Adrian, Toni, Lambardache, Constantin Dorin, all bearing the illustrious name of Papahagi. Valeriu Papahagi was born in Avdela, around 1906, carrying with him the love for the ancestral tradition. The village of a fascinating picturesque is located 40 km southwest of the town of Grevena, 1,300 m above sea level in the Pindului Mountains. It is located on the border of Pind National Park today.In this miraculous space, as if torn from the ballad ” Miorița ”, the scholar was born, who was the uncle of the Cluj teacher and writer Marian Papahagi. The future scientist grew up in Istanbul, with his brother, Emil George, where his father was the director of the Romanian university boarding school. The two brothers follow the French School of Jesuit Monks, and from the spring of 1919, when the family settled in Bucharest, Valeriu will attend the High School „ Spiru Haret ”, and then the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy, where he has as professor the scientist Nicolae Iorga, the one who will recommend him for a brute at the Romanian School in France. He defended his doctorate with academician Constantin Rădulescu Motru, and between 1940-46 he taught Romanian at the University of Madrid. Returned to the country,he became a professor of Portuguese at the University of Bucharest, and later in Spanish. He died, respected by the country's intellectual elite, in the summer of 1983. Valeriu Papahagi's work recommends him as one of the country's great philologists. Romanians, Munteni through excellentä, spread the valleys and pastures of the Pindus Mountains to the depths of Macedonia. As a fellow proposed by Nicolae Iorga, the Aromanian scholar did archive research in Venice, Genoa and Paris. After the war, between 1940 and 1946, when he was culturally attached to the Romanian Legation in Madrid, his archival research on the European past of the Aromanians was to be developed. ” The cultural life of the Aromanians in the eighteenth century and in the first half of the nineteenth ” is the title under which Valeriu Papahagi gathered, in the late 1970s,his studies of the history of Aromanian culture, planning a work that highlights the rebirth power of this community, its vitality and the force of adaptation, intellectual curiosity and intrepid spirit, openness to the new, social and economic mobility. however, the book sees the light of day much later. At the end of the 70's of the last century, when Valeriu Papahagi completed his manuscript, the Aromanian studies had already benefited in our country from the important contribution of researchers such as Matilda Caragiu-Marioţeanu, of Victor Papacostea, Nicolae-Şerban Tanaşoca and Nicolae Saramandu. I mention that, Valeriu Papahagi took over in his volume a sum of information and new data from the international specialized literature, according to the editor Viorel Stănilă.the book sees the light of print in 2015 at the Romanian Cultural Institute publishing house. Valeriu Papahagi was a recognized expert of the Wallachians from the Pindus Mountains, Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus.
The Wallachians in the ninth century are mentioned in the provinces of Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia and the Haemus Mountains by Byzantine chronicles, and their leaders are called ” du ”, having administrative functions in the Byzantine Empire. (George Murnu, History of Romanians from Pind – Wallachia Mare, 980 – 1259, Minerva Institute Pattern, Bucharest, 1913, p. 18-21). The Wallachians of Thessaly are so numerous that in the twelfth century the country will be called Wallachia instead of Thessaly. The region will thus be called the Land of the Wallachians until the occupation by the Turks. It follows from all this that the possibility of the existence of a Vlahia on the Mountains of Thessaly in the tenth century is not excluded; the published royal paper indirectly recognizes, recognizing a special ’ rudder circle for Vlahii Eladi. This is « terra Blacorum » from Pind. Her being proves that Romanians could not have recently settled in Thessaly.” (George Murnu, op. Cit., P.23). The strength of the places occupied by the Romans was quite cheesy for their safety. In their natural cities they could not be worse under the Byzantines than during the Turks. That this was the case in the first centuries. As Benjamin of Tudela passes through their country, he tells us quite plastic: ” no ruler can subdue them » (oneque rex eos domare potest »); this expression is the result of a belief gained after a series of experiences from many previous generations in Greece. (ibidem). The Jewish chronicler Benjamin of Tudela, in the twelfth century, is the author of the first story about the independent state „ Vlahia Mare ” in the mountains. He wrote: „ No man can climb to fight them and no king can rule over them. ” Vlahia Mare, which in Greek sounds „ Μεγάλη Βλαχία ”,as „ Magale Vlachia ”, it was also known as „ Vlach Thessaly ”. In the 12th century it was a state of Vlach pastors, including the Thessaly area, the central area of the Pindus Mountains and parts of Macedonia. Another neighboring region to the west, where Wallachian shepherds had settled, is Acarnania, quoted by the chronicler Ioannis Apokaukos as then „ Mikri Vlahia ”, that is, Vlahia mica. Valeriu Papahagi wrote interesting studies with acribia about this ethno-historical geography. It was not until 1990 that the work was published. Thus, a well-groomed and prefaced edition was published by Alexandru Gica, at the Cartex publishing house in Bucharest, in 2021, book entitled ” Relations between Aromanians and Daco-Romanians in the past ” in which it draws a historical-economic and linguistic course on the connections of Romanians in the Balkans and those in the Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic space,but also the fundamental role of the city of Moscopole, as well as a commercial and cultural capital of all Wallachians south and north of the Danube.
Elis Râpeanu wrote a short monograph about the great scholar entitled suggestively: ” The humanist Valeriu Papahagi and his studies on the past of the Aromanians ” (TYPO-MAN Publishing House, Ploiești, 2010). The author considers it a moral and scientific duty to recover the work of the scholar, who comes from the historical family Papaphagi, who became concerned with the spirituality of Romanians in the Balkans. Elis Râpeanu underlined the role of Valeriu Papahagi in bringing to the surface the knowledge of the North Danube scientific world of the history of Romanians in the Pindus area, with Thessaly and Epirus, known as the Great Wallachia and the Little Wallachia. This mountainous territory with scattered Wallachian villages has a millennial history and a distinct identity in conjental Greece, as well as a local administration and ” dual ” own within the Eastern Roman Empire,since the ninth and tenth centuries. The Wallachians of the Pind Mountains entered the historical chronicles, especially with the time of the Crusades and especially with the installation of Latin states in Byzantium after the fourth crusade of 1204. Valeriu Papahagi was ” not only a successor, but also a completeer and an opener of new horizons in Aromanistics, due to the magnitude of the springs, of documentation in the field and personal comments ” wrote in his book Elis Râpeanu. Continuing these praises I want to remember the exceptional work of Valeriu Papahagi, entitled ” Catalans and Vlachs in 14th-century South East Europe ” published immediately after World War II in Bucharest in 1946. The study is a comprehensive scientific research,based on unique documents about the history of Wallachia in the Pindus area during the Crusades and contact with the Catalan knights and mercenaries and with this new Iberian state established on Wallachian territory after the conquest of Constantiopul de to the Crusaders in 1204, especially in the early fourteenth century. Byzantine emperors needed ” Catalan campaign ” in the crusade against the Turks. Andronicus II Paleolog asked Catalan and Iberian mercenaries to fight the Ottomans. After the peace of Caltabellota in 1302 for the supremacy of Sicily, between the House of Anjou and that of Barcelona – Aragon, ” Almogavarii ”, which according to a Catalan chronicler were ” Catalans, Aragonese and Saracens ” who ” lived only on warrior deeds ” were employed by the Byzantine emperor in the anti-Ottoman crusade. Iberian Commander,most Catalans and Aragonese were Roger de Flor, who left Messina with about 6,000 soldiers, along with servants, wives and wives to Constantinople. Roger de Flor is made Grand Duke and Married to the niece of Emperor Andronicus II Paleolog, a princess from the Wallachian people of Asanesti, who ruled in Bulgaria. Roger de Flor's anti-Turkish military successes aroused the envy of the Genoese who paid Mihail Paleolog, the emperor's jealous brother. In April 1305, Roger de Flor was assassinated along with his companions by a group of assassins paid by the emperor's brother. Other Iberians were killed at the behest of Mikhail Paleolog, which led to ” Catalan revenge ” throughout Thrace, as the chronicles of the time mention. The Catalans ally with the Turks and fight Prince Mihail Paleolog.A Byzantine historian Pachimere mentions that the Wallachians living in Thrace, ” beyond Vizia ” on the shores of the Black Sea, were in the imperial army. During this war, the Byzantine and Iberian chroniclers remember the great Wallachia of Thessaly. The chronicler Ramon Muntaner writes about ” Wallachian Kingdom ”, meaning ” el reyalme de Larcha e de la Blaquia ”, referring to the despotate of the Epyr and that of the Great Wallachia or Neopatria. The Spanish Jew Tudela wrote about Wallachians ” those like jute deer ”, and Nicetas Choniates called Thessaly as the great Wallachia. During the expedition of the Almogavars to Thrace, in a writing by a Dominican monk of French origin, entitled ” Anonymous description of Eastern Europe ” clearly states that ” between Macedonia, Achaia and Thessalonica is a large and widespread people,called Vlahilor ” and that these ” Romanorum pastores ”, which ” once lived in Hungary ” from where they were ” ” (sec. X) would have spread to Greece and have an excellent ” curd, milk and meat ” in abundance. So Thessaly, Ftiotida and Locrida were inhabited by Vlachs in the 13th and 14th centuries. The capital of the great Wallachia was the fortress of Neopatras, located on the banks of the river Sperchios and at the foot of the slope of Mount Oeta. Kings of Great Wallachia were John I Anghelos and the sickly John II Anghelos. As a minor Vlahia mare was administered by a cousin Guy II of Roche after the French mopdel consulting with the Wallachian barons – ” avec les barons de la Blaquie ”. The Catatalans devastated Thrace and Macedonia between 1306 and 1307.The Catalans recognize as chief a French admiral and devastate the Athos Peninsula and especially the Hilandarul settlement, defended by the abbot Daniil and then the Thessaloniki. The Catalans subordinate to the French and King Carol of Valois managed to hardly occupy the great Wallachia until 1309. The French and Catalans supplied themselves with wheat from the Great Wallachia. They separate from the Turks and winter in Pind, and in summer they descend and feed on the wheat of the Wallachians in the glorious plains of Thessaly. They fail to conquer the castles of Wallachians in the mountains. Thessaly is referred to as a ” Blachorum ”, where strong Wallachians like the mountains in which they lived did not give in to the attacks of the Catalans. The Almogavars get along with the weak sebastocrator Isaac II Anghelos, and the French admiral Thibaut de Cepoy leaves for France in 1310.Catalans allied with the Duke of Athens pass through the Great Wallachia where it is the ” harshest country in the world ”. The Wallachians are waging a guerrilla war against the Catalans and Aragonese, who were also feared. The Catalans also do not get along with the Duke of Athens and defeat him in a battle at Lake Copais in March 1311, because they did not receive their money. The chronicle of Morea clearly shows that the Duke of Athens failed to conquer with the help of the great Wallachian Catalans in Thessaly. After becoming masters of Athens, the Catalans call a certain Roger Deslaur duke. The Catalans did not give up the conquest of the Great Wallachia, fighting hard in the mountains for the conquest of this country between 1317-1325, conquering the Wallachian capital: Neopatras. Seven cities of the Wallachians were offered by the Catalans to King of Sicily, Frederick II.In the 15th century the Wallachian fortresses were ruled by Catalan castles. The laws of Barcelona called ” usatges ” are introduced into the legislation of the Great Wallachia. At the end of the 14th century after the extinction of the male descendants of the king of Sicily, the king of Aragon wants to take over Wallachia but fails. The Byzantines opposed. King Peter IV of Aragon was entitled ” Duke of Patra ” in 1381. There is also a vicar of Zeitun. By 1400, the king of Aragon lost the great Wallachia, in which the Albanians joined. Thessaly remains an autonomous Wallachian land. The duchy of Athens is collapsing and Baiazid Lightning is flourishing with its strong Turks in the Balkans.The Athenian historian Laonic Chalcocondilas speaks during the fall of Constantinople of a Wallachian Thessaly and of the Pindus Mountains where a Wallachian population lived „ whose speech is similar to that of the Dacians living in Istru and having common features ”
Ionuț Ţene/napocanews.ro
|
Re: Днешните македонци са от...Влашко [re: komitaO3]
