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ДА НАИСТИНА Е МНОГО ИНТЕРЕСНО.
ЗНАЕШ ЛИ, КЛОНИНГ, ЧЕ СМЕ ИМАЛИ СИМПТОМИТЕ НА МОЦАРТ?
Ако не вярваш прочети това:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart[a] (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791), baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Born in Salzburg, in the Holy Roman Empire, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood. Already competent on keyboard and violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. At 17, Mozart was engaged as a musician at the Salzburg court but grew restless and travelled in search of a better position. While visiting Vienna in 1781, he was dismissed from his Salzburg position. He chose to stay in Vienna, where he achieved fame but little financial security. During his final years in Vienna, he composed many of his best-known symphonies, concertos, and operas, and portions of the Requiem, which was largely unfinished at the time of his early death at the age of 35. The circumstances of his death have been much mythologized. He composed more than 600 works, many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. He is considered among the greatest classical composers of all time,[1][2] and his influence on Western music is profound. Ludwig van Beethoven composed his early works in the shadow of Mozart, and Joseph Haydn wrote: "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years".[3]
(...)
Композитор Вольфганг Амадей Моцарт умер в Вене 5 декабря 1791 года в возрасте 35 лет после непродолжительной болезни. Обстоятельства, при которых скончался Моцарт, породили множество гипотез о причинах его смерти, которые являются предметом дискуссии до настоящего времени. Среди версий случившегося: умышленное отравление[1], смерть в результате болезни, перенесённой в детстве[2], или болезнь, полученная в зрелом возрасте, а также возможность врачебной ошибки[3].
Последняя болезнь и смерть
Последняя болезнь Моцарта началась ещё в Праге, куда он приехал, чтобы руководить постановкой своей оперы «Милосердие Тита», об этом свидетельствует Франц Ксавер Нимечек, автор первой биографии композитора[4].
По возвращении Моцарта в Вену его состояние постепенно ухудшалось, однако он продолжал работать: завершил Концерт для кларнета с оркестром для Штадлера, писал «Реквием», дирижировал на премьере «Волшебной флейты» 30 сентября 1791 года. Нимечек приводит рассказ его жены, Констанции, о том, что незадолго до своей смерти на прогулке в Пратере, куда она отвезла мужа, чтобы он отвлёкся от мрачных мыслей, Моцарт стал говорить, что сочиняет «Реквием» для себя, что он скоро умрёт: «Я чувствую себя слишком плохо и долго не протяну: конечно, мне дали яду! Я не могу отделаться от этой мысли».
По книге Нимечека (1798), разговор состоялся не ранее второй половины октября, однако во втором её издании (1808) указано, что уже в Праге композитор предчувствовал смерть.
В 1829 году Констанция рассказывала посещавшему Зальцбург английскому композитору Новелло[en] и его жене, будто бы Моцарт за полгода до смерти говорил о своём вероятном отравлении, но, когда она назвала эту идею «абсурдной», муж согласился с ней[5].
ЗА ДВА ДНЯ ДО ТОГО, КАК ОКОНЧАТЕЛЬНО СЛЕЧЬ (18 НОЯБРЯ), МОЦАРТ ДИРИЖИРОВАЛ ИСПОЛНЕНИЕМ «МАЛЕНЬКОЙ МАСОНСКОЙ КАНТАТЫ». 20 ноября у Моцарта воспалились суставы, он не смог двигаться и испытывал сильные боли.
Детали смерти Моцарта описаны его РАННИМ БИОГРАФОМ И БУДУЩИМ МУЖЕМ КОНСТАНЦИИ ГЕОРГОМ НИКОЛАУСОМ ФОН НИССЕНОМ.
Ниссен взял сведения из записей, предоставленных ему сестрой Констанции, Софи Хайбль. По её свидетельству, «[болезнь] началась с опухоли в руках и ногах, которые были почти полностью парализованы, позже начались внезапные приступы рвоты […] за два часа до своей смерти он остался в абсолютном сознании». Согласно воспоминаниям очевидцев, тело Моцарта опухло до такой степени, что он больше не мог сидеть в постели и двигаться без посторонней помощи. Лечением композитора занимался доктор Николаус Клоссет (нем. Nicolaus Closset), домашний врач семьи с 1789 года. Для консультаций Клоссетом был приглашён доктор фон Саллаба (нем. Mathias von Sallaba), врач Всеобщей больницы Вены.
При лечении Моцарта применялись все средства, доступные медицине того времени: рвотное, холодные компрессы, кровопускания. Как позднее писал доктор Гюлденер фон Лобос, общавшийся с обоими врачами, Клоссет считал, что Моцарт болен серьёзно, и опасался осложнений на мозг. Согласно декрету 1784 года, в случае смерти больного лечащий врач оставлял в его доме записку, составленную на родном языке, а не на латыни, где доступным неспециалисту образом указывались продолжительность заболевания и его характер. Записка адресовалась тем, кто должен был освидетельствовать тело и коротко определить род болезни. По предположению Карла Бэра, диагноз «острая просовидная лихорадка» (нем. hitziges Freiselfieber), значащийся в протоколе осмотра тела, исходит от Клоссета[6].
ВСИЧКИ ПРИЗНАЦИ НА ОТРАВЯНЕ С ЕКСТРАКТ ОТ БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ, което не е известно от вчера. Известно е от древността. Цялата работа е в дозировката. Иначе лекарството си е с доказани свойства:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantamine
SIDE EFFECTS
Galantamine's side effect profile was similar to that of other cholinesterase inhibitors, with gastrointestinal symptoms being the most notable and most commonly observed. One study reports higher proportions of patients treated with galantamine experiencing NAUSEA and VOMITING as opposed to the placebo group.[19]
Another study using a dose-escalation treatment has found that incidences of nausea would decrease to baseline levels soon after each increase in administered dosage.[18]
In practice, some other cholinesterase inhibitors might be better tolerated; however, a careful and gradual titration over more than three months may lead to equivalent long-term tolerability.[21]
ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING
The toxicity of organophosphates results primarily from their action as irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase.[31]
Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase causes an increase in acetylcholine, as the enzyme is no longer available to catalyze its breakdown.[31]
In the peripheral nervous system, acetylcholine accumulation can cause an overstimulation of muscarinic receptors followed by a desensitization of nicotinic receptors.[31]
This leads to severe SKELETAL MUSCLE FASCICULATIONS (INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS).[31]
The effects on the central nervous system include ANXIETY, RESTLESSNESS, CONFUSION, ATAXIA, TREMORS, SEIZURES, CARDIORESPIRATORY PARALYSIS, and coma.[31]
As a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine has the potential to serve as an effective organophosphate poisoning treatment by preventing irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition.[31]
Additionally, galantamine has anticonvulsant properties which may make it even more desirable as an antidote.[31]
Research supported in part by the US Army has led to a US patent application for the use of galantamine and/or its derivatives for treatment of organophosphate poisoning.[31]
The indications for use of galantamine in the patent application include poisoning by nerve agents "INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SOMAN, SARIN, AND VX, TABUN, AND NOVICHOK AGENTS".
Galantamine was studied in the research cited in the patent application for use along with the well-recognized nerve agent antidote atropine.
According to the investigators, an unexpected synergistic interaction occurred between galantamine and atropine in an amount of 6 mg/kg or higher. Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5.TIMES THE DOSE GENERALLY REQUIRED TO KILL half the experimental animals.[32]
ИМА И ДРУГИ НО:
LUCID DREAMING Though not approved by the FDA, there is interest in the recreational use of galantamine for its purported ability to induce lucid dreaming. One study has provided some limited evidence for this practice, although it is notable that its authors have financial ties to the Lucidity Institute.[36]
References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dream
ПП.
СЕМЬ ПОСЛЕДНИХ ЛЕТ СВОЕЙ ЖИЗНИ, С 1784 ГОДА И ДО САМОЙ СМЕРТИ, КОМПОЗИТОР ВОЛЬФГАНГ АМАДЕЙ МОЦАРТ БЫЛ МАСОНОМ. Масонство сыграло важную роль в его жизни и творчестве.
See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt
See CV of Благодаря своим выдающимся исполнительским данным, Гайдн в 1777 году занял место органиста церкви св. Троицы.
14 декабря 1784 года Моцарт прошёл посвящение в степень ученика вольного каменщика[2], а к 1785 году уже был инициирован в степень мастера-масона. То же самое происходило в дальнейшем с Йозефом Гайдном и Леопольдом Моцартом (отцом композитора), которого посвятили в степень мастера-масона через 16 дней после вступления в ложу[3].
Mozart's lodges
Mozart was admitted as an apprentice to the Viennese Masonic lodge called "Zur Wohltätigkeit" ("Beneficence") on 14 December 1784.[2] He was promoted to journeyman Mason on 7 January 1785, and became a master Mason "shortly thereafter".[2] Mozart also attended the meetings of another lodge, called "Zur wahren Eintracht" ("True Concord"). According to Otto Erich Deutsch, this lodge was "the largest and most aristocratic in Vienna. ... Mozart, as the best of the musical 'Brothers,' was welcome in all the lodges." It was headed by the naturalist Ignaz von Born.[3]
Mozart's own lodge "Zur Wohltätigkeit" was consolidated with two others in December 1785, under the Imperial reform of Masonry (the Freimaurerpatent, "Masonic Decree") of 11 December 1785, and thus Mozart came to belong to the lodge called "Zur Neugekrönten Hoffnung" (New Crowned Hope).[4]
At least as far as surviving Masonic documents can tell us, Mozart was well regarded by his fellow Masons. Many of his friends were Masons.
During his visit to Vienna in 1785, Mozart's father Leopold also became a Mason.[5]
Masonic ideology and Masonic music
Stage design for Mozart's opera The Magic Flute by German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, c. 1815, with Masonic symbols.
Mozart's position within the Masonic movement, according to Maynard Solomon, lay with the rationalist, Enlightenment-inspired membership, as opposed to those members oriented toward mysticism and the occult.[6]
THIS RATIONALIST FACTION IS IDENTIFIED BY KATHARINE THOMSON AS THE ILLUMINATI, A MASONICALLY INSPIRED GROUP WHICH WAS FOUNDED BY BAVARIAN PROFESSOR OF CANON LAW ADAM WEISHAUPT, WHO WAS ALSO A FRIEND OF MOZART.[7]
THE ILLUMINATI and rationalist Masons espoused the Enlightenment-inspired, humanist views proposed by the French philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. For example, they contended that social rank was not coincident with nobility of the spirit, but that people of lowly class could be noble in spirit just as nobly born could be mean-spirited. This view appears in Mozart's operas; for example, in The Marriage of Figaro, an opera based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais (another Freemason), the low-born Figaro is the hero and the Count Almaviva is the boor.[8]
The Freemasons used music in their ceremonies (see Masonic music), and adopted Rousseau's humanist views on the meaning of music. "The purpose of music in the [Masonic] ceremonies is to spread good thoughts and unity among the members" so that they may be "united in the idea of innocence and joy," wrote L.F. Lenz in a contemporary edition of Masonic songs. Music should "inculcate feelings of humanity, wisdom and patience, virtue and honesty, loyalty to friends, and finally an understanding of freedom."[9]
These views suggest a musical style quite unlike the style of the Galant, which was dominant at the time. Galant style music was typically melodic with harmonic accompaniment, rather than polyphonic; and the melodic line was often richly ornamented with trills, runs and other virtuosic effects. The style promoted by the Masonic view was much less virtuosic and unornamented. Mozart's style of composition is often referred to as "humanist" and is in accord with this Masonic view of music.[10]
The music of the Freemasons contained musical phrases and forms that held specific semiotic meanings. For example, the Masonic initiation ceremony began with the candidate knocking three times at the door to ask admittance. This is expressed musically as a dotted figure:
This figure appears in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute in the overture, suggesting the opening of the Masonic Master Mason's degree. [11] According to Katherine Thomson,[11] there are many other examples of specific musical symbols taken from the Masonic rites that appear throughout Mozart's compositions. These include the use of suspensions to indicate friendship and brotherhood, the use of three-part harmony to emphasize the special significance of the number three in Freemasonry, and special rhythms and harmonies to signify fortitude and other attributes.
Notwithstanding these manifestations of Freemasonry in Mozart's music and activities, some scholars question Mozart's personal commitment to Masonic ideology. Peter Paul Fuchs notes that Mozart was a devout Catholic, a religion that threatened Freemasons with excommunication.[12] "Mozart was pulled in various directions stylistically and probably personally. There is little evidence that he found these tensions troubling... " he writes.[13] However in his book Mozart and the Enlightenment Nicholas Till demonstrates that Mozart's original lodge "Zur Wohltätigkeit" (At Beneficence) was a reform-Catholic lodge following the tenets of the Italian liberal theologian Ludovico Muratori and was committed in particular to the Catholic ideal of charity. And musicologist David J. Buch notes that many of Mozart's musical devices identified with Masonry have precedents in non-Masonic music as well. [14]
For example, the three notes, which originate from the French genre of "le merveilleux", already appear in the musical theater of the early 18th century. The three chords in the overture can be found in many other 18th-century stage works, such as Traetta's Armida and Gazzaniga's La Circe, operas that have no connection with Freemasonry.
List of Mozart's Masonic compositions[edit]
See also:
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