Време е да осъзнаем, какво сме всъщност. / Политика, Свят / Политика

za kakvo sa im izdignali pametnik v Rusia?
za kakvo im izdigat pametnik v Makedonia?
za kakvo im izdigat pametnik v Bulgaria?
predpolagam v Rusia za tova che sa otkrili salama, v Macedonia che sa suzdali kibrita a v Bulgaria che sa postroili purviat avtomobil...

I iskam neshto da te pitam.
Mojesh li da budesh dostoen?
Pretendirash che mrazish i se borish s neobrazovanite bulgari.
V sushtoto vreme taka strashno pluvash protiv bulgarskite svetini che mi se razbiva surceto. Poslednite ti hitove sa Vasov i Kiril i Metodii...
Razchetoh se v Encyclopedia Britanica i ti izvadih malko tekst.
Dokato chetoh se zamislih.
Doshli sa Asparuhovite bulgari v Dunavskata ravnina.. suzdali durjava - te samite bili asimilirani no durjavata Bulgaria produljavala da sushtestvuva i da suzdava kultura i bogata istoria..
Mnogo chesto obache, kakto se izraziavat v Ecyclopedia Britanica poradi vutreshni nerazborii tazi durjava bila zavladiavana ot drugi sili.
Zavladiavana no ne unishtojavana. I vupreki che mai ne e imalo period ot poveche ot 300 godini v koito Bulgaria da e bila sama car na sebe si, Bulgaria e oceliala. Zashto li? Da kajem che za tova vina imat i Kiril i Metodii..
Ta si mislia.
Ti mai si ot tezi koito rushat Bulgarskoto, suzdavat mejduosobici i v kraina smetka predavat Bulgaria v rucete na niakoi drug za sledvashtite 200-300 godini.. No.. Bulgaria shte ocelee.. zashtoto ima hora koito znaiat kakvo e svoboda i samoopredelenie.. hora kato Botev...
Ta.. svobodni sme ot stotina godini nasam.. ti oshte kolko godini ni davash ?

Eto i tekstovete ot Britanica. Procheti ot iztochnik NEBOLGARSKI za zemiata koiato te hrani i geroiite i izmisleni mitove.
Pojelavam ti da stignesh do nivoto na Vazov niakoi den.. taka pone shte znam che se e rodil talant nujen da opishe vseobhvatno procesite v BG ot poslednite godini, talantlivo da gi opishe..
Oooo nerazumni.......

-------Botev-Vasov--------------------------------
H. Botev, in his single-minded devotion to ideals of liberty and fatherland, wrote impassioned revolutionary poetry; Petko Slaveykov, an irrepressible journalist, Bible translator, and agitator for the Bulgarian independent exarchate, worked all his life in Bulgarian and Macedonian lands and in Stambul itself (never in emigration like Karavelov and Botev), drawing for his verse on folklore and Greek popular songs; and G. Rakovski, a typical vuzrozhdenets ("Renaissance figure") in his versatility and vitality, exploited often with more zeal than discretion the two main indigenous resources for Bulgarian writers then and since, an illustrious medieval past and a richly surviving folklore.

The liberation of Bulgaria in 1878 created a climate far more favourable to literary development than that of the preceding five centuries of Turkish rule. Ivan Vazov almost alone links as a writer the epochs before and after liberation. His immense output from the early 1870s to 1921, reflecting in all main genres every facet of his people's life, past and present, has earned him the title of "national poet." An epic cycle, Epopeya na zabravenite (1881-84; "Epic of the Forgotten"), evoked with visionary power his pantheon of heroes from the struggle for independence; a novella, Chichovtsi (1895; "Uncles"), was a realistic portrait gallery of Bulgarian provincial "notables" in Turkish times. Vazov's narrative gifts were at their highest in Bulgaria's "national novel" Pod igoto (1893; translated as Under the Yoke, 1894), which vividly described the Bulgarian struggle against the Turks; his short stories entertained and his travelogues of rural and historical Bulgaria informed his readers; his most popular play, Hushovй (1894), depicting these pre-liberation expatriates' ordeals in Romania, together with his dramas of medieval Bulgaria, dominated the repertoire of the Sofia National Theatre (founded 1907).

Without equalling Vazov's powers of imagination and synthesis, Konstantin Velichkov shared his ideals. His poetic temperament was best expressed in sonnets inspired by travels to Constantinople and Italy. An exponent of Italianate influence, he contributed to the then fashionable literature of memoirs. Most notable here was Z. Stoyanov, whose Zapiski po bulgarskite vuzstaniya (1883-85; translated as Notes on the Bulgarian Uprisings) recorded eyewitness experiences of then recent history with a directness rarely equalled since in Bulgarian prose.

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Cyrillic
writing system developed in the 9th-10th century AD for Slavic-speaking peoples of the Eastern Orthodox faith; it is the alphabet currently used for Russian and other languages of the republics that once formed the Soviet Union and for Bulgarian and Serbian. Based on the medieval Greek uncial script, the Cyrillic alphabet was probably invented by later followers of the 9th-century "apostles to the Slavs," St. Cyril (or Constantine), for whom it was named, and St. Methodius. As the Slavic languages were richer in sounds than Greek, 43 letters were originally provided to represent them; the added letters were modifications or combinations of Greek letters, or (in the case of the Cyrillic letters for ts, sh, and ch) they were based on Hebrew. The earliest literature written in Cyrillic was a translation of the Bible and various church texts.

The modern Cyrillic alphabets--Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, and Serbian--have been modified somewhat from the original, generally by the loss of some superfluous letters. Modern Russian has 32 letters (33, with inclusion of the soft sign--not strictly a letter), Bulgarian 30, Serbian 30, and Ukrainian 32 (33). Modern Russian Cyrillic has also been adapted to many non-Slavic languages, sometimes with the addition of special letters.

Glagolic alphabet
script introduced into the Slavic-speaking Balkan communities in the late 9th century AD, together with the Slavonic liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. Glagolitic script was used by Roman Catholic Slavs, while the Cyrillic alphabet was used by Eastern Orthodox Slavs; and although the origin of Glagolitic is not clear, it is probably closely related to the Cyrillic alphabet. Slavic tradition is generally inconsistent as to which script to attribute to the Eastern Orthodox "apostle to the Slavs," St. Cyril (or Constantine). Although dissimilar to Cyrillic in letter form, Glagolitic had approximately the same number of letters as Cyrillic and identical sound values for the letters; this implies a common origin for the two systems.

The oldest extant secular materials in Glagolitic date from 1309. The script flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries but since then has been displaced by Cyrillic in Greek or Russian Orthodox areas and by the Latin alphabet elsewhere. It is still used, however, in the Slavonic liturgy in some Dalmatian and Montenegrin communities. See also Cyrillic alphabet.

Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopжdia Britannica, Inc.

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Cyril and Methodius
Respectively
b. c. 827, Thessalonica, Macedonia
d. Feb. 14, 869, Rome
b. c. 825, Thessalonica
d. April 6, 884, Moravia; feast day for both, Western Church February 14; Eastern Church May 11
brothers who for christianizing the Danubian Slavs and for influencing the religious and cultural development of all Slavic peoples received the title "the apostles of the Slavs." Both were outstanding scholars, theologians, and linguists.

In 860, Cyril (originally named Constantine), who had gone on a mission to the Arabs and been professor of philosophy at the patriarchal school in Constantinople, worked with Methodius, the abbot of a Greek monastery, for the conversion of the Khazars northeast of the Black Sea. In 862, when Prince Rostislav of Great Moravia asked Constantinople for missionaries, the emperor Michael III and the patriarch Photius named Cyril and Methodius. In 863, they started their work among the Slavs, using Slavonic in the liturgy. They translated the Holy Scriptures into the language later known as Old Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian) and invented a Slavic alphabet based on Greek characters that in its final Cyrillic form is still in use as the alphabet for modern Russian and a number of other Slavic languages.

The brothers accepted Pope St. Nicholas I's invitation to Rome (867) to explain their conflict with the German archbishop of Salzburg and bishop of Passau, who claimed control of the same Slavic territory and who wanted to enforce the exclusive use of the Latin liturgy. Cyril and Methodius arrived in Rome (868), where the new pope, Adrian II, took their side, formally authorizing the use of the Slavic liturgy. When Cyril died, Adrian sent Methodius back to the Slavs as his legate and archbishop of Sirmium.

Methodius' ecclesiastical province included all of Moravia. When Rostislav's nephew and successor, Svatopluk, failed to support Methodius, he was tried in 870 by the German clergy, brutally treated, and jailed until liberated by the intervention of Pope John VIII. In 880 Methodius was again summoned to Rome about the Slavic liturgy, obtaining once more papal approval of his use of the vernacular.

When Methodius' suffragan bishop, Wiching, continued to make trouble, Methodius tried to strengthen his position in the Eastern Church by visiting Constantinople in 882. After Methodius' death, Pope Stephen V forbade the use of the Slavic liturgy; and Wiching, as successor, forced the disciples of Cyril and Methodius into exile. The posthumous influence of Cyril and Methodius reached distant Kiev in Russia and left traces among the Slavs of Croatia, Bohemia, and Poland. Soon canonized by the Eastern church, they were celebrated by the Roman Catholic church in 1880.

Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopжdia Britannica, Inc.

--------------Bulgar----------------------------
also called BULGARIAN, member of a people known in eastern European history during the Middle Ages. One branch of this people was an ancestor of the modern Bulgarians.

The Bulgars probably originated as a Turkic tribe of Central Asia and arrived in the European steppe west of the Volga River with the Huns about AD 370; retreating with the Huns, they resettled about 460 in an arc of country north and east of the Sea of Azov. Hired by the Byzantines in 480 to fight against the Ostrogoths, the Bulgars subsequently became attracted by the wealth of the Byzantine Empire. In the 6th century the Bulgars continually attacked the Danubian provinces of the Byzantine Empire until, in the 560s, they were themselves threatened by the Avars, who were then advancing from Asia into central Europe. The Avars destroyed one Bulgar tribe, but the rest saved themselves by submitting, for two decades, to another horde of Turkic newcomers, most of whom then retreated back into Asia.

Unified under a single ruler, Kurt, or Kubrat (reigned c. 605-c. 642), the Bulgars constituted a powerful khanate known to the Byzantines as Great Bulgaria, with the Kuban River as its southern frontier. After Kurt's death his five sons split the people into five hordes. One of these five, remaining on the coast of the Sea of Azov, was absorbed into the new empire of the Khazars; another migrated to central Europe and was merged with the Avars; and another disappeared into service under the Lombards in Italy. Two of the five hordes, however, had longer futures.

Kurt's son Bezmer, or Bat-Bayan, avoided the Khazars by leading his horde far to the north, where it eventually occupied an ill-defined country around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers. Subdivided there into three groups (probably through mergers with indigenous peoples or with other immigrants), the horde maintained itself in prosperity for some 600 years. These Volga Bulgars formed not so much a state as a seminomadic confederation, but they had two cities, Bulgar and Suvar, which profited as transshipment points in the trade between the fur-selling Ugrians and Russians of the far north and the southern civilizations--Byzantium, the Muslim Caliphate of Baghdad, and Turkistan. The Volga Bulgars were converted to Islam about 922. In 1237 they were made subject to the Mongol Golden Horde, and, though the city of Bulgar flourished for a long time afterward, the people gradually lost their identity and were mingled with the Russians.

The fifth product of the breakup of Great Bulgaria was the horde that Kurt's son Asparukh led westward across the Dniester River and then southward across the Danube. There, on the plain between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains, they established the kernel of the so-called first Bulgarian empire--the state from which the modern nation of Bulgaria derives its name. In the 7th century the Danubian region was nominally controlled by the Byzantine Empire, and it was inhabited by Vlachs (ancestors of the modern Romanians) and also very largely by recently arrived Slavs. The conquering Bulgars were soon permeated by Vlach and, even more thoroughly, by Slavic elements. At the same time, their conquests were carrying them deeper into the ambit of Byzantine Christianity. Territorial expansion into Serbia and Macedonia under Krum (khan 803-814) and under Pressian (836-852) was followed by the conversion of the Bulgars to Christianity under Boris I. The new church's liturgy was in the Slavic language as spoken in the Bulgars' Macedonian possessions, and this language, now known as Old Church Slavonic, proved to be a powerful agent in creating a common culture among the Bulgars and Slavs. By the time Bulgaria was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire early in the 11th century, the Bulgars and Slavs had melded into a Slavic-speaking, Christianized people essentially identical to today's Bulgarians.

Boris I's son Simeon I, who was acknowledged as tsar, or emperor, of the Bulgars, brought the first empire to its acme as a Balkan power, even though he had to give up the lands north of the Danube to fresh invaders from the Eurasian steppe. As invasions of the Balkan Peninsula from the north continued intermittently over the next four centuries, the Turkic element in the Bulgarians' ethnic makeup was somewhat reinforced against the Slavic by strains derived from the Pechenegs, Kipchaks, and Cumans--all Turkic peoples.

After Simeon's death the first Bulgarian empire was undermined by internal divisions and invasions of Magyars, Pechenegs, Rus, and Byzantines. In 1018 Bulgaria was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire. An anti-Byzantine revolt of the Balkan peoples in 1185 produced the second Bulgarian empire, and by 1241 the Bulgarian tsars of the house of Asen (1185-1280) were supreme in most of the lands from the Danube River to the Aegean Sea and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea. But Mongol attacks from the north, Serbian encroachment on the west, and internal rivalry among the successors of the Asens eroded this second empire, and in 1396 it fell to the Ottoman Turks, who were overrunning the Balkans from the south.

Throughout the long period of direct Ottoman rule (1396-1878), the Bulgarians' obstinate Christianity prevented their being merged completely with the Muslim Turks, while their retention of a Slavic language kept them from absorption by the Greeks predominant in the Eastern Orthodox church as recognized by the Ottomans. In 1878 an autonomous Bulgarian principality under Ottoman suzerainty was established. Bulgaria was declared independent, as a tsardom or kingdom, in 1908.

Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopжdia Britannica, Inc.