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Bulgarian language
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Not to be confused with Bulgar language.
Bulgarian
Български
Bălgarski
Spoken in: Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, the Western Outlands in Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Greece, Turkey, among emigrant communities worldwide
Region: The Balkans 12+ million speakers
Total speakers: 10 million (Ethnologue)

approx. 12 million (Omniglot)
10+ million (Dalby 2007, Dictionary of Languages)

Language family: Indo-European
Balto-Slavic
Slavic
South Slavic
Eastern South Slavic
Bulgarian
Official status
Official language in: none
Regulated by: Institute of Bulgarian at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Институт за български език)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: bg
ISO 639-2: bul
ISO 639-3: bul
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
Bulgarian (български език, IPA: [ˈbɤlgarski ɛzik]) is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group.

Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages, such as the elimination of case declension, the development of a suffixed definite article (see Balkan linguistic union), the lack of a verb infinitive, and the retention and further development of the proto-Slavic verb system. Various verb forms exist to express unwitnessed, retold, and doubtful action. As of 2007 there are more than 12 million people around the world who speak Bulgarian fluently.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Alphabet
3 Phonology
3.1 Vowels
3.2 Semivowels
3.3 Consonants
3.3.1 Hard and palatalized consonants
3.3.2 Palatalization
3.3.3 Table
3.3.4 Word stress
4 Grammar
4.1 Nominal morphology
4.1.1 Nominal inflection
4.1.1.1 Gender
4.1.1.2 Number
4.1.1.3 Case
4.1.1.4 Definiteness (article)
4.1.2 Adjective and numeral inflection
4.1.3 Pronouns
4.2 Verbal morphology and grammar
4.2.1 Finite verbal forms
4.2.1.1 Aspect
4.2.1.2 Mood
4.2.1.3 Tense
4.2.2 Non-finite verbal forms
4.3 Adverbs
5 Lexis
6 Syntax
7 Common expressions
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

[edit] History
Main article: History of Bulgarian
The development of the Bulgarian language may be divided into several historical periods.

Prehistoric period - occurred between the Slavonic migration to eastern Balkans and the mission of St. Cyril and St. Methodius to Great Moravia in the 860s.
Old Bulgarian (9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic) - a literary norm of the early southern dialect of the Common Slavic language from which Bulgarian evolved. It was used by St. Cyril, St. Methodius and their disciples to translate the Bible and other liturgical literature from Greek into Slavic.
Middle Bulgarian (12th to 15th century) - a literary norm that evolved from the earlier Old Bulgarian, after major innovations were accepted. It was a language of rich literary activity and the official administration language of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
Modern Bulgarian - dates from the 16th century onwards, undergoing general grammar and syntax changes in the 18th and 19th centuries. Present-day written Bulgarian language was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Bulgarian vernacular. The historical development of the Bulgarian language can be described as a transition from a highly synthetic language (Old Bulgarian) to a typical analytic language (Modern Bulgarian) with Middle Bulgarian as a midpoint in this transition.
Bulgarian was the first "Slavic" language attested in writing. As Slavic linguistic unity lasted into late antiquity, in the oldest manuscripts this language was initially referred to as языкъ словяньскъ, "the Slavic language". In the Middle Bulgarian period this name was gradually replaced by the name языкъ блъгарьскъ, the "Bulgarian language". In some cases, the name языкъ блъгарьскъ was used not only with regard to the contemporary Middle Bulgarian language of the copyist but also to the period of Old Bulgarian. A most notable example of anachronism is the Service of St. Cyril from Skopje (Скопски миней), a 13th century Middle Bulgarian manuscript from northern Macedonia according to which St. Cyril preached with "Bulgarian" books among the Moravian Slavs. The first mention of the language as the "Bulgarian language" instead of the "Slavonic language" comes in the work of the Greek clergy of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in the 11th century, for example in the Greek hagiography of Saint Clement of Ohrid by Theophylact of Ohrid (late 11th century).

During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system, but preserving the rich verb system (while the development was exactly the opposite in other Slavic languages) and developing a definite article. It was influenced by proto-Bulgar and its non-Slavic neighbors in the Balkan linguistic union (mostly grammatically) and later also by Turkish, which was the official language of Ottoman empire, in the form of the Ottoman language (an earlier form of Turkish), mostly lexically. As a national revival occurred towards the end of the period of Ottoman rule (mostly during the 19th century), a modern Bulgarian literary language gradually emerged which drew heavily on Church Slavonic/Old Bulgarian and which later reduced the number of Turkish and other Balkanic loans. Today one difference between Bulgarian dialects in the country and literary spoken Bulgarian is the significant presence of old Bulgarian words and even word forms in the latter. The phonology of many such words has been modified along modern patterns; many other words were taken from Russian, French, English.., without taking the expected phonetic changes in consideration (оборот, непонятен, ядро and others).

Modern Bulgarian was based essentially on the Eastern dialects of the language, but its pronunciation is in many respects a compromise between East and West Bulgarian (see especially the phonetic sections below).

[edit] Alphabet
In 886 AD, Bulgaria replaced its old runic alphabet of the proto-Bulgars with the Glagolitic alphabet which was devised by the Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 850s. The Glagolitic alphabet was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic alphabet, developed around the Preslav Literary School in the beginning of the 10th century. Most letters in the Cyrillic alphabet were borrowed from the Greek, Hebrew, and Glagolic and Gotick alphabets.

Several Cyrillic alphabets with 28 to 44 letters were used in the beginning and the middle of the 19th century during the efforts on the codification of Modern Bulgarian until an alphabet with 32 letters, proposed by Marin Drinov, gained prominence in the 1870s. The alphabet of Marin Drinov was used until the orthographic reform of 1945 when the letters yat (Ѣ, ѣ, called "double e"), and yus (Ѫ, ѫ) were removed from the alphabet, reducing the number of letters to 30.

Nowadays the Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script and occasionally in the Latin. Road signs and street signs are almost always written in the two scripts. In Sofia, however, the street signs are never in Latin.

With accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on January 1, 2007, Cyrillic became the third official alphabet of the EU.

The following table gives the letters of the Bulgarian alphabet, along with the IPA values for the sound of each letter:

А а
/a/ Б б
/b/ В в
/v/ Г г
/g/ Д д
/d/ Е е
/ɛ/ Ж ж
/ʒ/ З з
/z/ И и
/i/ Й й
/j/
К к
/k/ Л л
/l/ М м
/m/ Н н
/n/ О о
/ɔ/ П п
/p/ Р р
/r/ С с
/s/ Т т
/t/ У у
/u/
Ф ф
/f/ Х х
/h/ Ц ц
/ʦ/ Ч ч
/tʃ/ Ш ш
/ʃ/ Щ щ
/ʃt/ Ъ ъ
/ɤ/ - ь1
/ʲ/ Ю ю
/ju/ Я я
/ja/

1 softens consonants before /ɔ/

Most letters in the Bulgarian alphabet stand for just one specific sound. Three letters stand for the single expression of combinations of sounds, namely щ (sht), ю (yu), and я (ya). Two sounds do not correspond to separate letters, but are expressed as the combination of two letters, namely дж (/dʒ/) and дз (dz). The letter ь marks the softening (palatalization) of any consonant before /ɔ/.

Што знам што луѓе ќе бидат? Ако се Бугари, арно - ќе се разберам...".